Mongolia’s Naadam Festival, held every year from July 11 to 13, is one of the most significant and exciting cultural events in the country.
It is a time when Mongolians from all walks of life come together to celebrate their rich history,
culture, and traditions through sports, music, dance, and elaborate ceremonies. The festival is not just a public holiday—it’s a heartfelt expression of national pride and identity.
1. The History of Naadam Festival
Naadam has ancient roots in Mongolian culture, dating back more than 2,000 years. Originally,
it was a celebration of victories in battle and a way to honor the ancestors. Over time, it evolved into a more inclusive festival, embodying both military prowess and the spirit of Mongolian society.
Naadam was celebrated during the summer solstice and, for centuries, has been tied to nomadic traditions, paying homage to the values of strength, courage, and resilience—qualities that are essential to life in Mongolia’s vast and often harsh landscapes.
2. The “Three Manly Games” of Naadam
At the heart of the Naadam Festival are the Three Manly Games, which consist of wrestling, horse racing, and archery. These ancient sports not only test physical endurance and skill but also highlight the traits of a true Mongolian warrior.
Wrestling (Bökh)
Mongolian wrestling, known as Bökh, is one of the oldest and most popular sports in Mongolia. Wrestlers compete in a series of bouts, each one testing strength, strategy, and stamina. The aim is to force the opponent to touch the ground with any part of their body other than their feet.
- Wrestling Attire: Wrestlers wear a traditional outfit consisting of a short, open-front jacket and tight shorts. The outfit is designed to allow freedom of movement while adding a touch of cultural flair.
- Symbolic Gesture: Before the final match, the two competitors traditionally perform a ritual dance, known as the “wrestling dance,” symbolizing the ancient spirit of Mongolian warriors.
The festival’s wrestling competition has different categories based on experience and weight, with the most prestigious title being that of the “Champion” or “Zanshin”. The winner is celebrated as a national hero.
Horse Racing
Horse racing is deeply embedded in Mongolian culture, as horses have played a central role in the country’s nomadic lifestyle for centuries. In Naadam, horse races are held for children and adults over a variety of distances, ranging from 15 kilometers to 30 kilometers, depending on the category.
- Categories: The races are divided by age and size of the horses. Children as young as 5 participate in the races, riding without saddles in a true display of courage and skill.
- Horse Breeds: Mongolian horses are hardy and well-adapted to the harsh conditions of the steppes. These races are an exciting spectacle, with crowds cheering on the young jockeys as they guide their horses toward the finish line.
Archery
Mongolian archery is another ancient sport, and Naadam offers the chance to witness skilled marksmen aiming for targets from long distances. Archery in Mongolia dates back to Genghis Khan’s time, when archers were integral to the Mongol military strategy.
- Traditional Bows: Archers use traditional wooden bows that are slightly shorter than modern bows, and the arrows are often fletched with eagle feathers, symbolizing Mongolia’s deep connection to its natural environment.
- Precision and Skill: Archers must demonstrate remarkable precision, often hitting targets that are positioned at a significant distance.
3. The Cultural Celebrations
Beyond the three manly games, the Naadam Festival is also a celebration of Mongolia’s deep cultural heritage. During the festival, cities and towns across the country host parades, music performances, dances, and traditional ceremonies that give visitors a glimpse into the heart of Mongolia’s history and way of life.
Opening Ceremony
The festival begins with a grand opening ceremony in Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. The ceremony includes a parade of Mongolian military, traditional dancers, and performers dressed in colorful national costumes. The president of Mongolia traditionally declares the start of Naadam, which is followed by the lighting of the Naadam torch—a symbolic representation of the festival’s spirit.
Traditional Costumes and Music
Throughout the Naadam Festival, many people wear traditional Mongolian clothing called deel—a long, colorful robe that reflects the wearer’s heritage and social standing. Mongolian throat singing and traditional music performed with instruments like the morin khuur (horsehead fiddle) create an immersive atmosphere, allowing visitors to experience Mongolia’s unique cultural soundscape.
Festive Foods
Mongolian cuisine also plays a central role during Naadam. Special dishes like khuushuur (fried meat pies) and bansh (dumplings) are served at Naadam celebrations. Traditional airag (fermented mare’s milk) is often offered to guests, and people gather to share meals, drinks, and good company.
4. The Naadam Festival in Ulaanbaatar
While Naadam is celebrated all across Mongolia, the capital Ulaanbaatar hosts the largest and most elaborate festivities. The main events take place at the Naadam Stadium, where thousands of spectators gather to watch the thrilling sports competitions.
- Wrestling Matches: Ulaanbaatar’s stadium becomes the site of one of the most exciting wrestling tournaments, where top wrestlers from around the country come to compete for the title of National Champion.
- Horse Races: The horse races take place just outside the city, in the Töv Province, where large crowds come to cheer on the young jockeys and their speedy mounts.
- Archery Competitions: Archers from across Mongolia compete in various categories, showcasing their precision and technique.
5. The Global Appeal of Naadam
Naadam has grown in popularity over the years and is now recognized as a major international cultural event. Visitors from around the world come to Mongolia to experience the festivities firsthand, enjoying the performances, sports, and traditional ceremonies.
Travelers can also take part in smaller, more intimate Naadam celebrations in the countryside, where local communities celebrate in a more personal and traditional style.
6. Conclusion: A Celebration of Mongolian Identity
Naadam is more than just a festival. It’s a living expression of Mongolia’s heritage, values, and spirit. It brings together people of all generations to celebrate their deep connection to the land, the ancient traditions, and the strength of the Mongolian people. Whether you’re participating in the thrilling competitions, witnessing cultural performances, or enjoying the festive atmosphere, Naadam offers a truly unforgettable experience and a unique window into the soul of Mongolia.
